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四级考试中的虚拟语气

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虚拟语气是大学英语四级考试的重点和难点。笔者通过对历年大学英语四级考试实考试题的分析研究,编写了这份复习资料。"考点预测"中的试题,体现了有关虚拟语气的测试要点。读者不妨先动手做这部分试题,以便自己心中有数。"考点精析"则是对"考点预测"逐题加以解析,力图使读者能举一反三,触类旁通。

【考点预测】

1.Jean doesn't want to work right away because she thinks that if she _____ a job she probably wouldn't be able to see her friends very often.
 A)has to get
 B)were to get
 C)had got
 D)could have got

2. _____ for your help,we'd never have been able to get over the difficulties.
A)Had it not
B)If it were not
C)Had it not been
D)If we had not been

3.Oh,what a nuisance!It _____so easy for me to bring those photographs I wanted to show you,but I have left them on the table at home.
A)would have been
B)had been
C)would be
D)was

4.If we had been more careful,we _____much better results now.
A)would be getting
B)would have got
C)got
D)had got

5.He suggested_____ to tomorrow's exhibition together.
A)us to go
B)we went
C)we shall go
D)we go

6.It is recommended that the project _____until all the preparations have been made.
A)is not started
B)will not be started
C)not be started
D)is not to be started

7.It's necessary _____the dictionary immediately.
A)that he will return
B)that he returned
C)that he return
D)that he has to return

8.It is of the utmost importance that you _____here on time.
A)be
B)shall be
C)are to be
D)must be

9.One of the requirements for a fire is that the material_____ to its burning temperature.
A)is heated
B)will be heated
C)be heated
D)would be heated

10.I wish I _____longer this morning,but I had to get up and come to class.
A)could have slept
B)sleep
C)might have slept
D)have slept

11.It's already 5o'clock now.Don't you think it's about time _____?
A)we are going home
B)we go home
C)we went home
D)we can go home

12.The mad man was put in the soft-padded cell lest he _____himself.
A)injure
B)had injured
C)injured
D)would injure

13.That tree looked as if it _____for a long time.
A)hasn't watered
B)didn't water
C)hadn't been watered
D)wasn't watered

14.I'd rather you _____anything about it for the time being.
A)don't do
B)did
C)didn't do
D)would do

15.Look at the terrible situation I am in!If only I _____your advice.
A)follow
B)had followed
C)would follow
D)have followed

【考点精析】

1正确答案为选项B。
本题测试与将来事实相反的虚拟条件句。全句可译为:琼不想马上就工作,因为她觉得要是工作了,可能就不能经常见到朋友们了。由此可见,琼目前没有工作,近期内也不打算找工作,句中if从句所表示的是与将来事实相反的假设,因而选项B是正确答案。

在与将来事实相反的虚拟条件句中,谓语动词除了用were to +动词原形外,还可以用一般过去时或should +动词原形。例如:
If it rained tomorrow we'd stay at home.
如果明天下雨,我们将呆在家里。
If you should/were to see Mary,what would you tell her?
如果你见到玛丽,你会告诉她什么呢?
选项A是陈述语气;选项C可以用于与过去事实相反的虚拟条件句,但不能表示与将来事实相反的假设;选项D不能用于虚拟语气的条件从句。

2正确答案为选项C。
本题测试虚拟条件句的倒装。全句可译为:要不是有你的帮助,我们是永远都无法克服这些困难的。根据句意,句子前半部分应为"If it had not been for your help(=If you hadn't helped)"。当虚拟条件句中的谓语动词含有were,had或should时,可以省略if,并将 were,had或should移至主语的前面。例如:

Should green plants disappear some day,there would hardly be any life on the earth.
万一有一天绿色植物消失了,地球上几乎就不会有生命了。

3正确答案为选项A。
本题测试含蓄虚拟条件句。全句可译为:哎,真恼人!我本来可以轻而易举地把要给你们看的那些照片带来,可我却把它们忘在家里的桌子上了。句中"I have left them on the table at home"相当于"If I hadn't left them on the table at home",因而前面主句中的谓语动词形式应为选项A。

本句中的含蓄虚拟条件是通过并列分句来表达的,此外,还可以使用其他许多形式来表达。例如:

Without your help,I couldn't have doneit.
没有你的帮助,我是不会做成这件事的。(介词短语)
 (=If you hadn't helped,I couldn't have done it.)
I would have written the paper before,but I have been ill.
我本来早就会写好这篇论文的,但我一直生博(连词)
(=If I weren't ill,I would have written the paper before.)
It would be unwise for you to marry him.
要是你跟他结婚那将是不明智的。(动词不定式短语)
(=It would be unwise if you were to marry him.)
The same thing,happening in wartime, would amount to disaster.
同样的事,要是发生在战争年代,就会酿成大祸。(分词短语)
(=The same thing,if it happened in wartime,would amount to disaster.)
A close observer would have noticed it.
要是细心的观察者,早就注意到了。(名词词组)
(=If you had been a close observer,you would have noticed it.)
A nation which stopped working would be dead in a fortnight.
一个国家要是停止工作,不出两周就会灭亡。(定语从句)
(=If a nation stopped working,it would be dead in a fortnight.)

4正确答案为选项A。
 本题测试错综时间虚拟条件句。全句可译为:如果我们更细心的话,现在就可以取得更好的结果。言下之意,以前我们不细心,因而现在取得的结果不太好。从句与过去事实相反,主句与现在的情况相反。在主句和从句所指时间各不相同的情况下,主句和从句中谓语动词的虚拟语气要作相应的调整。本题主句中would后加不定式的进行式,可以使动作更加生动形象。又如:

If he knew this,it would have had to be by accident.
假如他已知道此事,那一定是偶然得知的。(从句指现在,主句指过去时间)

5正确答案为选项D。

本题测试用于宾语从句的虚拟语气。全句可译为:他建议我们一起去参观明天的展览。suggest表示"建议"时,其宾语从句中的谓语动词要用虚拟语气:动词原形(常见于美国英语)或"should +动词原形"(常见于英国英语)。

有些动词在表示"愿望、建议、命令"或"请求"等意思时,和suggest一样,其宾语从句须用虚拟语气。如order,demand,propose, command,request,desire,insist,advise,ask,beg, prefer,recommend,require,urge,vote,move等。例如:

I propose that the matter be put to the vote at once.我提议将此问题立即付诸表决。

6正确答案为选项C。

本题测试主语从句的虚拟语气。全句可译为:有人建议在一切准备工作就绪后再开始这一项目。在"It is recommended that..."结构中,that引出的主语从句谓语动词要用虚拟语气,其形式与动词recommend后接的宾语从句谓语动词一致。

这类结构中的过去分词,都是从表示建议、要求、命令等含义的动词变化而来的。除 recommended以外,还有suggested,requested, desired,ordered,decided,arranged等。例如:
It is ordered that you should be present at the meeting.命令你出席这次会议。

7正确答案为选项C。

本题测试主语从句的虚拟语气。全句可译为:他必须马上归还这本词典。在"It is necessary that..."这样的结构中,如果有表示必要性、重要性等含义的形容词,that引导的主语从句中,谓语动词要用虚拟语气,其形式与有表示建议、命令、要求等含义的过去分词结构中的主语从句谓语动词相同。

这类形容词还有advisable,essential,important,urgent,imperative等。例如:
It is important that we(should)speak politely.我们说话要有礼貌,这是很重要的。

8正确答案为选项A。
本题测试主语从句的虚拟语气。全句可译为:你要按时到这里,这一点非常重要。句中"It is of the utmost importance that"相当于"It is very important that",that引导的主语从句中要用虚拟语气,即用动词原形或"should +动词原形",所以选项A为正确答案。(参见第7题)

9正确答案为选项C。
本题测试表语从句的虚拟语气。全句可译为:燃烧的条件之一是物质被加热到其燃点的程度。表示建议、要求、命令等含义动词的同源名词,如suggestion,idea,order,desire, plan,command,proposal,advice,recommendation,requirement等之后的表语从句或同位语从句中,谓语动词要用虚拟语气,即动词原形或"should +动词原形"。例如:
My suggestion is that we(should)start out at once.

我的建议是我们立即出发。(表语从句)
Mother rejected my suggestion that she meet my teacher the next week.
母亲拒绝了我所提出的她下周见我老师的建议。(同位语从句)

10正确答案为选项A。

本题测试动词wish后宾语从句中的虚拟语气。全句可译为:我真希望今天早上能多睡一会儿,但我不得不起床来上课。wish表示主观上的愿望,因而后接的宾语从句谓语动词要用虚拟语气。本句的时间状语this morning以及句子后半部分的had to都表明,句子前半部分所要表达的是一个与过去时间相反的愿望:"今天早上我能多睡一会儿就好了。"

wish后面的宾语从句中,谓语动词分别用过去时、过去完成时、过去将来时等形式表示现在、过去或将来的主观愿望。例如:

I wish I were ten years younger.但愿我能年轻10岁。
She wishes that she were coming with us.她希望和我们一起来。

11正确答案为选项C。
本题测试"It is time that..."结构中的虚拟语气。全句可译为:现在已经五点了,你不认为我们该回家了吗?这一结构表示"该到……的时候了",从句中谓语动词用过去时。例如:
It's(high)time he were(or was)taught a lesson.现在是该教训他的时候了。
It's about time he learnt to look after himself.现在已是他该学会照顾自己的时候了。

12正确答案为选项A。
本题测试由lest引导的状语从句中的虚拟语气。全句可译为:这个疯子被关进一间用软垫防护的小屋内,以防他弄伤自己。虚拟语气可用于"lest","for fear that","in case"引导的状语从句中表示"以防"、"以免"之意。其形式为"should +动词原形"。例如:

I always speak slowly lest I should be misunderstood.
我总是慢慢说话,以免被别人误解。
值得注意的是,以"lest","for fear that"引导的状语从句中的should可以省去,而"in case"引导的状语从句中也可以不用虚拟语气,而用陈述语气。例如:
Take your raincoat in case it rains.

13正确答案为选项C。
本题测试as if从句中的虚拟语气。全句可译为:那棵树看起来好像很久没有浇水了。一般来说,如果as if从句所表达的内容完全与实际情况相反或者纯粹是一种假设时,通常使用虚拟语气。例如:
I remember the whole thing as if it happened yesterday.
此外,如果主句谓语动词是look,seem,taste,smell等词时,从句中也可用陈述语气。例如:
It looks as if she is in love again.看上去好像她又坠入情网了。

14正确答案为选项C。
本题测试would rather后接宾语从句中的虚拟语气。全句可译为:我宁愿你目前对此事按兵不动。would rather可看作是一个及物动词,表示愿望,后接的宾语从句谓语动词用虚拟语气:表示与现在事实相反的愿望时,用过去时;表示与过去事实相反的愿望时用过去完成时。例如:
I'd rather you told me the truth.我宁愿你对我说实话。

15正确答案为选项B。
本题测试If only引起的感叹句的虚拟语气。全句可译为:看我现在的处境多糟糕!要是当初我听从了你的劝告就好了。If only引起的感叹句,相当于"how I wish +宾语从句"。其谓语动词形式与wish后的宾语从句形式相同(参见第10题)。例如:
If only Paul were /was here now.要是保罗现在在这儿就好了。